Topic: Stages of learning
一、Discussing plans
在未来完成的动作
当我们想把重点放在未来某一时间完成某个事件时,我们将经常使用这样的句子:
And with any luck, I'll have made the writing plan by May 7th. 运气好的话,我将在5月7日作出写作计划。
So up to that point, you won't have done any major checks on your work? 到那个时候,你不会对你的工作做任何重大的检查吗?
这些句子后面往往跟有这样的结构:By +时间短语+ I'll have +过去分词。
By the end of the month, I'll have finished all the research. 到本月底,我将会完成所有的研究。
我们也可以用其他的情态动词,而不是will来表达我们的意思:
By the end of the month, I should have finished all the research. 到了月底,我应该会完成所有的研究。
如果我们用像I'd like to的短语来代替will,我们需要将句子中的下一个动词改为have +过去分词来表明我们在谈论的已经完成的事情:
I'd like to have done it all by mid-June. 我想在六月中旬完成这一切。
这是我们改变动词的另一个例子-这次,我们用名词如aim来说明我们的目的:
The aim is to have finished it all by the end of June. 目标是在六月底完成这一切。
二、Reporting progress
混合时态
在说明既涉及过去又涉及现在的情形时,我们经常使用混合时态。我们可以在现在和过去之间做一个比较:
It is not as hard as it looked before I started. 在我开始之前,这并不像它看起来那么难。
使用had +过去分词,如I had done 或者 I had started, 来帮助告诉我们更为久远的事情-一个过去事件的背景:
The process has been more complicated than I'd imagined. 这个过程比我想象的还要复杂。
我们可能将已完成的动作和正在进行的动作配合使用。一般而言,带有-ing的动词表示正在进行的动作。
I've completed the first module, but I'm falling behind in the second. 我已经完成了第一个模块,但在第二个模块我仍然落后。
我们也可以使用带有像I've been + verb + ing和I'm + verb + ing结构的时态来表明几个动作都在进行。
I've been trying to set aside an hour a day, but I'm finding it difficult. 我一直在试图每天抽出一个小时,但我发现这很难。
三、How do we reflect on our process?
动词和介词
你会经常看到动词和介词结合起来使用,如apply 和for:
She applied for a course extension. 她申请了课程延期。
在这种情况下,单词的意思并没有改变。在其他情况下,介词或副词可以完全改变动词的意思。在这里,run与跑完全无关:
You'll run into simple mistakes that you can fix yourself. 你会碰到你可以自己解决的简单的错误。
四、Reflecting on the past
反思过去
当人们谈论他们不应该那样做的过去的事情时,你会经常听到他们用I wish 和 If only的短语。
I wish I'd done it sooner. 我希望我更早点地做了。
If only I'd listened to you. 要是我听你的就好了。
请注意,当表达一个与过去相关的失望时,你会听到带有过去分词的形式如I wish I'd done或者If only I'd gone。如果你只听到一般过去时形式,这个愿望与现在相关。
I wish I knew a better way. 我希望我知道一个更好的办法。
其他你听到的关于后悔的指示词包括,使用如might have 或 would have形式的if句。
If I'd listened to you, it might have worked out. 如果我听了你的话,它就可能已经解决了。
你可能也会听到像looking back 或者 in hindsight的短语,这告诉你一个人在思考过去。
In hindsight, I should have planned more. 事后看来,我应该计划得更多。
你可能也听到了动词regret。
I really regret not having asked you sooner. 我真后悔没有早点问你。
你可以对regret后面的动词使用having加动词,如done, gone 或者 been来修饰以显示你对一个过去的事件后悔。
I really regret having done everything so quickly. 我真后悔这么快就做完了一切。
五、Recording vocabulary
记录新的语言
作为一个学生,你会接触到很多新的语言。一个关键的技能是能够把它用一种对你来说有道理的方式进行归类,这有助于你记住它,并在以后容易找到它。以下是一些你可以做到这一点的不同的方法。
按块分组
有一件你可以做的事是将一组单词作为chunk使用。这意味着你不需要记住这个短语包含的所有语法;你只要将它作为现成的语言块来使用。例如,if I were you是用于给建议的有用的语言块。
If I were you, I'd start your research early.
当你遇到动词短语时,这也很适用。
work out
work up
work toward
对于一些人来说,这可能更加混乱,而且他们会觉得将这类词用按想法分组更加有用。以下是有关想法和观点的一些短语:
come up with
think up
think over
另一种将新的语言分组的方式是根据话题。什么话题适合这些单词?
effective
enjoyable
efficient
你可能选择positive adjectives作为类别。
另一个策略是将语言按照它们是否是与同一主题相关的习语而进行分组。这些短语呢?
He was at her throat.
He's been getting on my nerves.
这些都是与愤怒或恼怒相关的习语。
六、Passing on advice
委婉的
我们经常使用如may, might 或 could的动词来作出温和点的建议并避免冒犯。
Hmm. You might want to think about grouping it somehow.
嗯。你可能要考虑以某种方式将它分组。
Well, what you could do is put all the ideas down on one giant sheet of paper.
那么,你可以做的是把所有的想法写在一张巨大的纸上。
It may leave you with a lot of revision to do later on.
这可能会使你在以后做很多修改。
当我们对一个想法做出回应时,我们可能会使用诸如I'm not entirely sure 或者 perhaps not之类的短语,让我们的回应看上去不太直接。
I'm not entirely sure that's going to work. 我不完全肯定那会行得通。
Perhaps not. Maybe you should find five? 可能不行。也许你应该找五个?
有时我们可以将一个短语与多个否定词一起使用,因为这会产生既承认了别人的想法,同时也暗示了问题的存在的效果。
I'm not saying they're not useful, just that you'll probably be marked down. 我不是说他们没用,只是你可能会被扣分。
新概念英语第一册Lesson129~134自学笔记精讲解析
一、描述工作、项目和客户的形容词
用 enjoyable ?和? engaging 来描述你觉得有意思的工作或者项目。
For me, sales is an? enjoyable ?job. 对我来说,销售工作非常有意思。
I find being a designer very? engaging . 我觉得做设计师非常有趣。
用 challenging 和 demanding 来描述高压力,困难的或者需要很多时间的工作,项目或者客户。
John has a very? challenging job . He's a firefighter. John 的工作非常具有挑战性,他是一名消防员。
Marta is the CEO of a large corporation, a very? demanding ?job. Marta 是一家大公司的首席执行官,这份工作要求非常之高。
用 rewarding 和 satisfying 来描述有满足感的工作或者项目。
Helping others learn is really? rewarding . 帮助别人学习是很有收获的。
Completing that project was extremely? satisfying . 完成那个项目是及其令人满意的。
二、 时间状语从句
状语从句通常提供有关时间的信息。用? before 、 after 、 when ?和? while ?等副词使事件具有先后顺序。
用? before + ?一般过去式来谈论某个事件之前的某个时间段。
Before ?I got this job, I worked as a sales assistant.
Chris had a really demanding job? before ?he quit.
用? after + ?一般过去式来谈论某个事件之后的某个时间段。
After ?she sold electric cars, she went back to school.
What did you do? after ?you graduated?
使用? when + ?一般过去时,谈论某一段时期。
When ?I was younger, I thought I should study law.
What did you do? when ?you worked at XCCX?
使用? while + ?过去进行时,描述一段时期内正在发生的事情。
I was making a lot of money? while ?I was living in Korea.
While ?I was studying to be a lawyer, I worked for six months in a restaurant.
三、正在进行和已经完成的动作
已完成的动作
have+动词的过去分词 ,例如done?(源自?do),?gone?(源自?go) 或者?made?(源自?make),这个形式用来谈论我们最近完成的动作,尤其是当我们不说具体的发生时间时。
I've finished ?the Grove project. 我已经完成了树丛项目。
I've enjoyed ?working with the developers. 我很喜欢与开发者合作。
正在持续的动作
have+been+动词-ing形式,用来谈论在过去开始但是仍然持续的动作。
I've been working on ?this? for ?three months now. 到现在我一直持续做这件事已经有三个月了。
I've been focusing on ?the new software release. 我一直在专注新的软件版本的发行。
*当我们指的是一个 持续的状态而不是持续的动作 时,我们不用动词的-ing形式。
I've been ?here for three months. 我来这有三个月了。
I've known ?Eric for a while now. 我认识埃里克有一段时间了。
以下是一些谈论? hopes ?和? dreams ?的方法。注意每个句子中使用的动词以及与动词搭配的单词。
She really wants to? make a difference ?in the world. 她非常希望改变
I want to get a job and? support myself . 我想找一份工作,自食其力。
He hopes to get a job? recycling plastic . 他想找一份塑料回收的工作。
Mary dreams of? building her own home . Mary 梦想打造属于她自己的家。
I love to? plant trees . 我喜爱种树。
We want to? change our lives . 我们希望改变我们的生活。
She hopes to? earn a lot of money ?after college. 她希望大学毕业后挣很多钱。
四、谈论?'hopes'?和?'dreams'?的动词
以下是一些谈论? hopes ?和? dreams ?的方法。注意每个句子中使用的动词以及与动词搭配的单词。
She really wants to? make a difference ?in the world. 她非常希望改变
I want to get a job and? support myself . 我想找一份工作,自食其力。
He hopes to get a job? recycling plastic . 他想找一份塑料回收的工作。
Mary dreams of? building her own home . Mary 梦想打造属于她自己的家。
I love to? plant trees . 我喜爱种树。
We want to? change our lives . 我们希望改变我们的生活。
She hopes to? earn a lot of money ?after college. 她希望大学毕业后挣很多钱。
五、真实和非真实条件句
用真实条件句表达真实的可能性。 在? if ?从句中使用? if + ?现在时,并在结果从句中使用? will ?或? can ?等情态动词。
If we? recycle , the city? will be? greener. 如果我们回收利用,整座城市就会更加绿色环保。
If you? build ?green cities, you? can make? a difference in the world. 如果建设绿色城市,你就能改变世界。
用非真实条件句表达可能性较低乃至不可能的事物。 在? if ?从句中使用? if + ?过去时,并在结果从句中使用? would 。
If everyone? planted ?trees, the air? would be? cleaner. 如果人人都植树,空气会更加洁净。
If I? worked ?less, I? would travel? more. 如果我少花点时间工作,就能多点时间去旅行。
*记住, were ?是动词? be ?在非真实条件句中的正确形式。
If this city? were ?green, the world would be a better place. 如果这座城市变为绿色,世界将会更加美好。
但在非正式的口语中,你经常会听到? was 。
If I? was ?more careful with my garbage, I could recycle more. 如果我多注意一下垃圾,就能回收利用更多东西。
两个从句可调换位置。 若出现这种情况,不需要使用逗号。
We'll have more trees? if ?we open more parks. 如果开放更多公园,我们就能拥有更多树木。
Life would be easier? if ?I earned more money. 如果我挣更多钱,生活就会轻松一些。
六、职业有关的形容词, 结合与它们意义相反的单词即反义词一起识记。
simple - complicated
My job is so? simple ?that I'm always bored. 我的工作很简单,总让我很无聊。
Being an accountant must be? complicated . 做会计一定很复杂。
rich - poor
I want to get really? rich ?before I retire. 我希望在退休前赚很多钱。
Amanda is tired of being? poor . Amanda 受够了没钱的日子。
wise - foolish
My father is a very? wise ?man. 我父亲是个非常聪明的人。
He was? foolish ?to drop out of high school. 他傻到从高中辍学。
critical - unimportant
It's? critical ?to get a good education. 接受良好的教育至关重要。
Don't worry about it. The cost is? unimportant . 不要担心,费用方面不重要。
normal - odd
It's? normal ?to worry about getting a good job. 担心能不能找到好工作是很正常的。
She's a very? odd ?person. 她是个怪人。
talented - untalented
He's a? talented ?salesperson. 他是一位能干的销售员。
She's great at chemistry, but? untalented ?in accounting. 她擅长化学,但对会计没什么天分。
七、虚拟语气条件句
使用虚拟语气条件句表达过去未真实发生的事件的可能结果。
If Terry? had gotten rich , he? would have stopped working . 如果泰瑞发了财,他就不会再工作。
在虚拟语气条件句中,在? if ?从句中使用? if + ?过去完成式,并在结果从句中使用? would have + ?过去分词。
If she? had been? more ambitious, they? would have promoted? her. 如果她当初更有抱负,他们就会提拔她。
If I? had quit? school, I? wouldn't have been? so successful. 如果我当时退学,就不会取得如此的成功。
记住,当? if ?从句位于结果从句之后,不需要使用逗号。
I would have moved to Buenos Aires? if ?they had offered me the job. 如果他们给了我这份工作,我就会搬到布宜诺斯艾利斯。
八、工作和行业术语
工作
为了避免在个人陈述中重复,你可以使用这些 job 的同义词。
I am looking for a? role ?in sales. 我在找一个销售职位。
We have a? post ?open in management. 我们有一个管理岗位空缺。
I am interested in a? position ?in accounts. 我对会计职位感兴趣。
目标
当描述你的目标时,你可以在他们的时间框架中谈论他们。
My? long-term ?goal is to move into management. 我的长期目标是进入管理层。
My? short-term ?goal is to gain more experience. 我的短期目标是获得更多的经验。
行业
你可能想谈论你所在的或者想进入的industry (行业) 。
I find working in the science industry really engaging. 我发现做科学这一行是很有意思的。
The green sector is really growing, and that's where I want to be. 绿色产业正在增长,而且那也是我想要进入的。
技能
你可以用像这样的词汇来描述你能做的或者想提高的方面。
I want to improve my proficiency in German. 我想提高我的德语流利度。
I have a large skill set in many different disciplines. 我有能用在很多不同学科领域的许多技能。
九、 动词+不定式
许多指示未来的动词采用这个模式:动词+不定式。一些你可能知道的例子是 plan ,? intend ,? want ,? hope ,? expect ,? look ,? aim ?和? would like 。
I? aim to move up ?in the industry. 我的目标是在行业中升职。
I? expect to spend ?five years in this post. 我准备在这个职位呆五年时间。
I? hope to move into ?senior management. 我希望进入高级管理层。
I would like to gain ?more experience in this discipline. 我想在这方面获得更多的经验。
I? am looking to increase ?my proficiency in this area. 我希望增加我在这个领域的能力。
I? am planning to start my own business . 我打算开始自己办公司。
十、个人陈述
1. 当写个人陈述时,先写你的工作职位,或者描述你做的工作是个好主意。
I am currently employed as ?a laboratory technician. 我目前的工作是实验室技术员。
2. 清楚地说明你的目标。开始说你的短期目标,然后概要说出你长期的目标。
Short term, I am aiming to ?work at a large, multinational company. 短期来看,我的目标是在一个大型的,跨国公司工作。
My long-term career goal is to ?become an executive. 我的长期职业目标是成为一名执行官。
3. 如果你想设定预期多久你能实现你的目标,另起一段,从最早的目标开始。
I am looking to spend the next five years ?developing my product-design skill set. 我希望在接下来的五年时间内改善我的产品设计技能。
I expect to achieve ?a senior management post? within 10 years . 我希望在10年内升到高级管理职位。
4.?你还可以包含一些关于你要提高哪些技能,或者在实现你的目标的过程中你希望做些什么的信息。
I aim to ?increase my proficiency with design software. 我的目标是提高我的使用设计软件的能力。
新概念英语第一册Lesson129~130自学笔记精讲解析
1.Where do you think you are?你认为你现在是在哪儿?
do you think 是用在特殊疑问句中的插入语,用来征询见解或表达看法。因为句中插入语已经是疑问式,主谓倒装了,所以you are的位置不能再对调了。插入语一般是对句子加一些附加的解释,在句子中作独立成分。常用来作插入语的结构有I hope, I think, I'm afraid, you know等。插入语可以位于句尾或句中,有时也可出现在疑问句中。
2.must have been doing sth.,一定/准是在做某事。
这种结构用来表示对过去正进行的事情的推测。下文中的can't have been是 can't have been driving的省略式,在意思上与must have been driving正相反。
3.That's why I didn't see the sign.所以我才没看见那牌子。
why I didn't see the sign作is的表语从句,以why引导的从句用来解释事情的原因。
4.…you'd better take my advice!……你还是听从我的劝告吧!
take one's advice是“听从劝告”的意思。
新概念英语第一册129-130课语法知识点 Grammar in use
表示猜测和推断的情态助动词must和can't(2)
must与can't不仅能表达对现在和将来的猜测和推断,而且能表达对过去的猜测和推断——这时可用 must have been表示肯定的推断,用can't have been(而不是mustn't have been)来表示否定的推断,如后面跟进行时则表示对过去正在进行的动作的猜测。请看例句:
You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour.
你当时肯定正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。
I didn't see it. I must have been dreaming.
我没看见。我当时一定是在胡思乱想吧。
She can't have been 29.She must have been 36.
她那时肯定不会是29岁,她一定36岁了。
He can't have been reading. He must have been sleeping.
他那时肯定不是在看书,他准是在睡觉。
新概念英语第一册129-130课重点单词详解 Word study
1.charge v.
(1)罚款;使承受经济负担:
He was charged by the policeman for speeding.
他因开车超速而被警察罚款。
(2)要(价);收(费):
The hotel charged them £ 900 for one night.
饭店向他们索要900英镑作为住一晚的费用。
(3)指控;指责:
They charged him with murder.
他们指控他犯了谋杀罪。
2.dream v.
(1)做梦;梦见:
He dreamt about his grandmother last night.
他昨天夜里梦见他的祖母了。
Do you often dream at night?
你晚上经常做梦吗?
(2)梦想;幻想:
She dreamed that one day she would be as free as a bird
她幻想着有一天自己能像鸟儿那般自由。
I once dreamed of becoming a famous doctor.
我曾一度梦想着成为一位的医生。
(3)出神;心不在焉;空想:
Don't dream away your life!
不要在想入非非中虚度你的人生。
Sorry, I didn't see the sign. I must have been dream ing.
对不起,我没看见那牌子。我一定是思想开小差了。
3.wave v.
(1)招手;挥手示意:
He waved us quiet.
他挥手要我们别出声。
She waved me goodbye.
她向我挥手告别。
(2)起伏;飘动:
The flag is waving in the wind.
旗帜正在风中飘扬。
She was attracted by the waving sea.
她被那汹涌起伏的大海吸引。
新概念英语第一册Lesson131~132自学笔记精讲解析
1.make up our minds,打定主意。
make up one's mind是表示下定决心的一种固定用法。
2.Will you travel by sea or by air?你们乘船去,还是乘飞机去?
这是一个选择疑问句。 by sea表示“乘船”。 by air表示“乘飞机”。
3. take a long time,花很长时间。
新概念英语第一册第131-131课语法 Grammar in use
情态助动词may表示可能性
may或might都表示“可能”、“也许”。通常既可以用may,也可以用might,不过might所表示的可能性要比may小,且当情况是虚拟的时只能用might而不能用may。
(1)may 表示现在或将来的可能性:may+动词原形:
The bread may be fresh.
面包可能是新鲜的。
He may be reading.
他可能正在看书。
I may go abroad.
我可能出国。
They may offer me a job.
他们也许会给我提供一份工作。
(2)may 也可表示过去的可能性,过去式为:may have(done):
He was late. He may have been busy.
他迟到了。他可能一直很忙。
I went out last night, and she may have been reading.
我昨天晚上出去了,她可能一直在看书。
It may have been right.
也可能是对的。
Thry may have been in the garden.
他们可能那时一直在花园里。
请比较:
He is working. 他在工作(对事实确信不疑)
He may be working.他可能在工作。(对现在可能发生的事情的猜测)
He must be working.他肯定在工作。(对现在所发生事情有根据的推论)
He may have been working.他那时可能正在工作。(对过去所发生事情的猜测)
新概念英语第一册第131-132课单词学习 Word study
1.worry v.
(1)担忧;发愁:
Mum always worries too much and it makes her tired.
妈妈总是过度忧虑,而这使她疲惫。
She's worried that she might lose her job soon.
她担心也许很快她就会丢掉她现在的工作。
(2)困扰;使不安宁:
Doesn't it worry you that his health is becoming worse?
他的身体越来越差,你不担心吗?
She is alway worrying him for presents.
她总是缠着他要礼物。
2.look after
(1)照料,照顾,照管:
Who's going to look after the garden when we are away?
我们离开时谁来照料花园呢?
Sally will help us to look after the children tomorrow.
萨莉明天会帮我们照看孩子们的。
(2)注意;关心:
Don't worry about me----I can look after myself.
别担心——我会照顾好自己的。
The doctor advised him to look after his health.
医生建议他要注意自己的健康。
新概念英语第一册Lesson133~134自学笔记精讲解析
1.Have you just made a new film, Miss Marsh? 您刚拍完一部**吗,马什**?
make 可表示“作出某种举动”,其意义根据宾语而定。本句中的make可理解为“拍(摄)”。
2.make another,再拍一部。
之后省略了film。
3.by our reporter = written by our reporter。
新概念英语第一册133-134课语法知识点 Grammar in use
需改变时态的间接陈述句
间接引语里常要改变时态,这是因为原来讲的话与转述这些话之间有一段间隔。选择哪种恰当的形式取决于转述者的着眼点。在间接引语里通常并不确切地重复讲话者说过的话。转述通常发生在过去,所以引述动词通常是过去时。因此,转述时从句的时态通常要“往回移”(back shift)。一条普遍的规则是:现在时变为过去时,过去时变为过去完成时。为过去时的情态助动词和过去完成时在转述时不变,因为不可能再往回移了。
使用间接引语主要是为了简洁、紧凑地把说话内容转述给第3者。请看下面直接引语变成间接引语时在时态等方面必须作出的相应变化:
(1)一般现在时改为一般过去时:
‘I'm thirsty,’she said.
“我渴了,”她说。
She said (that) she was thirsty.
她说她渴了。
(2)现在进行时改为过去进行时:
‘I'm having a rest,’ she told them.
“我正在休息,”她告诉他们。
She told them (that) she was having a rest.
她告诉他们说她当时正在休息。
(3)现在完成时改成过去完成时:
‘I've just made a new film,’ she told me.
“我刚完成一部新影片,”她告诉我。
She told me(that) she had just made a new film.
她告诉我说她刚完成一部新影片。
(4)一般将来时改成过去将来时(一般用would +动词原形):
‘I'll have to ask my husband,’she said.
“我得问问我丈夫,”她说。
She said (that) she would have to ask her husband.
她说她将得去问问她丈夫。
(5)情态动词由现在时改成过去时或条件时态:
‘I can see you tomorrow,’she said.
“我明天可以见你,”她说。
She said (that) she could see me the next day.
她说她下一天可以见我。
‘I'll help you,’she said.
“我将帮助你的,”她说。
She said (that) she would help me.
她说她将帮助我。
‘I may return at six o'clock,’ she told me.
“我可能6点钟回来,”她告诉我说。
She told me (that) she might return at six o'clock.
她告诉我说她可能6点钟回来。
(6)为过去时或条件时态的情态助动词不变:
‘I could see you tomorrow,’she said.
“我明天可能会见你”她说。
She said (that) she could see me the next day.
她说她第2天会见我。
‘I would complain if I were you,’she told me.
"如果我是你的话,我就抱怨,"她说。
She told me (that) she would complain if she were me.
她告诉我说,如果她是我的话她就会抱怨的。
新概念英语第一册133-134课重点词汇学习 Word study
1.wonder v.
(1)感到好奇;想要知道:
I wonder why he hasn't come.
我很想知道他为什么没来。
I was wondering if I could borrow your bicycle.
我在想是否能借用你的自行车。
(2)感到惊讶(或诧异):
She wonders at his rudeness.
她对他的无礼感到惊讶。
I shouldn't wonder if she is elected.
如果她当选,我不会感到惊奇。
2.sensational adj.
(1)令人兴奋的;轰动性的:
The discovery was sensational.
那个发现引起了轰动。
(2)<贬>耸人听闻的;企图追求轰动效应的:
The sensational news report didn't have much effect on them.
那起耸人听闻的新闻报导对他们并无多大影响。
(3)<口>非常好;给人深刻印象的:
She looks sensational in that dress!
她穿那条裙子的样子真令人难忘!
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